The semipermiable membrane separating the two liquid quantities has microscopic pores that allow only the solvent to pass not the solutes. This process is known as 'osmosis 'and occurs due to difference in osmotic pressure on the two sides of the membrane. Osmosis continues until at least one of two conditions is fulfilled.
a) The concentration of the liquid on both sides is equal.
b) The osmotic pressure on both sides is equal.
It then stops.
Reverse osmosis system, as the name suggests, reverses the natural tendency of a liquid to flow from higher concentration to lower concentration. This is achieved by applying external pressure, exceeding the osmotic pressure, on the higher concentration side. It forces the liquid to move to the other side through the semipermiable membrane. This makes the bacteria and other harmful solutes to be retained on one side where concentration keeps increasing. Clean water passes through the membrane to the other side.
Keeping in view the different sizes of contaminants, filter membranes used in the reverse osmosis system have different pore sizes ranging from one to fifty thousand angstroms, depending on the type of filter. An angstrom is a unit of length that is a ten millionth of a millimeter denoted by the mathematical expression 1 x 10 –10. Among different filtration processes using different membrane types, Particle filtration membranes can remove particles of sizes 10000 angstroms and above whereas Microfiltration can remove particles of over five hundred angstroms. Particles of sizes up to thirty angstroms can be removed by Ultrafiltration and Nanofiltration is capable of removing particles of sizes up to ten angstroms. Membranes used in the reverse osmosis system fall under the ultimate category of Hyperfiltration and can remove particles above one angstrom.
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